Chapter 70: DevOps Interview Questions by Topic and Company
70.13 DevOps Interview Questions by Company: TCS, Infosys, Wipro, Amazon and More
Konti company kay vicharte he ithe ekatra ahe. Pan lakshat theva - prashna sagalikade sarkhech astat.
What you will learn in this lesson
- Which questions were asked at 17 companies
- Where to find each full answer
- How to prepare for a company in one week
Why: the problem
Before an interview at TCS or Amazon, you want to know what they ask. Public interview stories on LinkedIn, Glassdoor, AmbitionBox and GeeksforGeeks help with that.
What: how this list was made
We read public interview stories from candidates. A company is named only when a story says the question was asked there. We wrote every answer ourselves, in simple English.
How: prepare for one company in 4 steps
- Read the company list below.
- Click each question to open its answer.
- Practise aloud, 60 seconds each.
- Do a small lab for the topics you find hard.
Questions by company
Wipro (48 questions)
- Write a Jenkins pipeline to build and push a Docker image.
- What is CI/CD?
- How is continuous integration achieved?
- How do you secure a CI/CD pipeline?
- What is the difference between volumes and bind mounts?
- What is the difference between ENTRYPOINT and CMD?
- What is a multi-stage build?
- How do you reduce a Docker image size?
- Write a simple Dockerfile for a Node.js app.
- What are Docker network types?
- What is an overlay network?
- How do you scan Docker images for vulnerabilities?
- A container was killed with OOMKilled. What do you do?
- What is git cherry-pick?
- How do you squash commits?
- How do you recover a deleted branch?
- What are Git tags and why use them?
- How do you revert a merge commit?
- How do you compare two branches?
- Describe your experience with DevOps in the SDLC.
- What is Infrastructure as Code?
- What do terraform init, plan and apply do?
- What are Terraform modules?
- What is the difference between count and for_each?
- What is the difference between CloudFormation and Terraform?
- What is Ansible and what are its use cases?
- What is etcd?
- What is a Kubernetes Service and what are its types?
- A pod is in CrashLoopBackOff. How do you fix it?
- A pod is stuck in Pending. Why?
- What is an Ingress and an Ingress controller?
- What is the difference between Ingress and a service mesh like Istio?
- What is the difference between a ReplicaSet and a ReplicationController?
- What are init containers and sidecar containers?
- How do you roll back a Deployment?
- What is a PodDisruptionBudget?
- How do you debug DNS inside Kubernetes?
- A node is degraded or lost permanently. What happens and what do you do?
- How do you schedule a cron job every 15 minutes?
- What is the difference between a hard link and a soft link?
- How do you find which process is using the most memory?
- What happens when you run chmod 755 on a file?
- How do you find files larger than 1 GB?
- What is the difference between grep, awk and sed?
- How do you check the performance of a Linux server?
- What are the different Linux distributions?
- What kind of bash scripts have you written in your project?
- What commands do you use to troubleshoot network issues in Linux?
LTIMindtree (45 questions)
- What is EBS?
- What is the difference between a snapshot, a backup and an AMI?
- What are EC2 instance types?
- What are S3 storage classes?
- What is an S3 lifecycle policy?
- How do you secure an S3 bucket?
- What is a VPC?
- What is the difference between a public and a private subnet?
- What is the difference between an Internet Gateway and a NAT Gateway?
- What is the difference between a Security Group and a NACL?
- Why is a security group called stateful?
- How do you make EC2 highly available across AZs?
- How do you control AWS cost?
- How do you design disaster recovery on AWS?
- Design a 3-tier architecture for a banking app.
- How do you attach S3 to an EC2 instance?
- How do you trigger a Jenkins job on a GitHub push?
- A Jenkins build fails. How do you debug it?
- What is CI/CD?
- What deployment strategies do you know?
- What is the lifecycle of a Docker container?
- What is the difference between RUN and CMD?
- Explain your current project.
- What are your daily responsibilities?
- What do terraform init, plan and apply do?
- How do you secure the Terraform state file?
- What is state locking and why is it needed?
- What are lifecycle blocks?
- How do you bring existing resources under Terraform?
- How do you manage resources created outside Terraform?
- The state file is corrupted. What do you do?
- How do you prevent concurrent Terraform runs?
- Write Terraform code to create an EC2 instance.
- What are common Terraform issues you faced?
- What is the difference between EKS and ECS?
- What Linux commands do you use daily?
- Explain some useful options of the ls command.
- Explain different use cases of grep.
- Write a bash script to check disk and CPU usage and alert.
- Which ports do HTTP, HTTPS, SSH and MySQL use?
- Explain Prometheus architecture.
- How do you set up CloudWatch and Grafana for AWS?
- How do you handle a P1 incident?
- The application is unresponsive. What do you check?
- The pipeline is failing. How do you debug it?
TCS (42 questions)
- Which AWS services have you used?
- How do you set up a CI/CD pipeline in Jenkins?
- How do you trigger a Jenkins job on a GitHub push?
- How do you manage secrets in Jenkins?
- How do you roll back a failed deployment in Jenkins?
- How do you keep secrets out of pipeline logs?
- How do you get zero-downtime deployments?
- CI passes but CD fails. How do you investigate?
- Build time suddenly doubled. What do you check?
- What is the difference between a Docker image and a container?
- What is the difference between git merge and git rebase?
- How do you secure the Terraform state file?
- How do you handle sensitive variables in Terraform?
- How do you manage multiple environments in Terraform?
- What are Terraform workspaces?
- What is drift and how do you detect it?
- What is the difference between Terraform and Ansible?
- How do module dependencies work in Terraform?
- What is etcd?
- What are taints and tolerations?
- What is the difference between HPA and VPA?
- What are network policies?
- How do you set up RBAC for a namespace?
- What is the difference between Ingress and a service mesh like Istio?
- How do you roll back a Helm release?
- Only 7 of 10 pods are healthy. How do you investigate?
- How do you monitor microservices in Kubernetes?
- Write a shell script to delete log files older than 7 days.
- Which ports do HTTP, HTTPS, SSH and MySQL use?
- What are logs, metrics and traces?
- What tools have you used for monitoring?
- What is the default port of Prometheus?
- How do you monitor a Kubernetes cluster with Prometheus?
- How do you set up centralised logging?
- What are SLI, SLO and SLA?
- What is an error budget?
- What are the four golden signals?
- What is toil?
- What is Grafana?
- A production deployment failed midway. What do you do?
- Tell us about a production issue you solved.
- How would you handle secrets errors in a deployment?
Deloitte (38 questions)
- What is AWS Lambda?
- How do you set up a CI/CD pipeline in Jenkins?
- How do you trigger a Jenkins job on a GitHub push?
- What are Jenkins shared libraries?
- A Jenkins build fails. How do you debug it?
- How do you add a manual approval gate in Jenkins?
- How do you set up a CI/CD pipeline for microservices across many repos?
- What is the difference between volumes and bind mounts?
- What is the difference between ENTRYPOINT and CMD?
- What is a multi-stage build?
- How do you scan Docker images for vulnerabilities?
- How do you cache Docker layers to speed up CI builds?
- How do you write a secure Dockerfile?
- How do you pass environment variables at build time vs run time?
- Which container registry would you choose and why?
- Which branching strategy have you used?
- How do you handle a hotfix in production?
- What is a monorepo vs multi-repo setup?
- Explain your current project.
- How do you work in a team?
- What is state locking and why is it needed?
- What are Terraform modules?
- What is drift and how do you detect it?
- What is the difference between count and for_each?
- What are dynamic blocks?
- What are lifecycle blocks?
- What is the difference between terraform plan, refresh and apply?
- What are the components of the Kubernetes control plane?
- What do kubelet, kube-apiserver and kube-proxy do?
- What is the difference between a Deployment and a StatefulSet?
- A pod is in CrashLoopBackOff. How do you fix it?
- A pod is in ImagePullBackOff. What do you check?
- What is a Helm chart and its structure?
- How do you do blue-green or canary deployments with Helm?
- How do you exec into a pod?
- How do you securely manage secrets in EKS?
- How does authentication work in EKS?
- How do wrong probes cause downtime?
Tech Mahindra (37 questions)
- What is the difference between EBS, S3 and EFS?
- What is the difference between a Security Group and a NACL?
- What is the difference between an IAM role and an IAM policy?
- What is Auto Scaling?
- You cannot SSH into an EC2 instance. What do you check?
- What is the difference between declarative and scripted pipelines?
- How do you trigger a Jenkins job on a GitHub push?
- How do you manage secrets in Jenkins?
- How do you pass values between Jenkins stages?
- How do you handle environments (dev, QA, prod) in a pipeline?
- What is the difference between a Docker image and a container?
- How do you persist data in Docker?
- What is Docker Compose?
- How do you see container logs?
- How do you expose a container to the outside world?
- What is the difference between git merge and git rebase?
- What is the difference between git pull, git fetch and git clone?
- What is git stash?
- What is .gitignore?
- How do you resolve a merge conflict?
- What is the Terraform state file?
- What are Terraform modules?
- How do you handle sensitive variables in Terraform?
- What do terraform validate and terraform fmt do?
- How do you manage multiple environments in Terraform?
- What is the difference between a Deployment and a StatefulSet?
- What is a DaemonSet?
- What is a Kubernetes Service and what are its types?
- What is the difference between a ConfigMap and a Secret?
- What are taints and tolerations?
- What are liveness, readiness and startup probes?
- A pod is in CrashLoopBackOff. How do you fix it?
- How do you check running processes in Linux?
- What is the difference between top, htop and ps?
- How do you schedule a cron job every 15 minutes?
- What is the difference between a hard link and a soft link?
- How do you find which process is using the most memory?
Infosys (35 questions)
- What is an S3 lifecycle policy?
- How do you access an instance that has only a private IP?
- What is VPC peering and Transit Gateway?
- How do you manage secrets in Jenkins?
- How do you back up Jenkins or a pipeline?
- What are the Maven build lifecycle phases?
- Which Maven commands do you use in a pipeline?
- What is a pom.xml dependency and how is it resolved?
- How do you set Java heap size for a build or app?
- How do you integrate code coverage in CI?
- What is the difference between Jenkins and Azure DevOps or GitLab CI?
- Explain the flow from code commit to production deployment.
- How do you keep secrets out of pipeline logs?
- A pipeline takes 45 minutes. How do you speed it up?
- What is the difference between stages and jobs?
- How do you create reusable pipeline templates for 50 microservices?
- What is the difference between hosted and self-hosted agents/runners?
- What deployment strategies do you know?
- How do you get zero-downtime deployments?
- How do you deploy database changes in a pipeline?
- How do you reduce a Docker image size?
- How do you scan Docker images for vulnerabilities?
- A container cannot reach the database. How do you check?
- What is the difference between git merge and git rebase?
- Which branching strategy have you used?
- What do terraform init, plan and apply do?
- What is the difference between a Deployment and a StatefulSet?
- Rollout succeeded but the old image is still running. Why?
- How would you set up an EKS cluster?
- What is GitOps and how does Argo CD work?
- An app works in QA but fails in production. Why?
- A container's memory keeps growing. What do you do?
- The upload to cloud storage fails from your app. How do you debug?
- You find hardcoded secrets in the code. What do you do?
- A 3 GB Docker image is slowing deployments. How do you fix it?
Capgemini (29 questions)
- How do you secure an S3 bucket?
- What S3 encryption options are there?
- How do you audit IAM permissions?
- How do you give cross-account access?
- What is Auto Scaling?
- What is the difference between scheduled and dynamic scaling?
- How do you make EC2 highly available across AZs?
- How do you migrate an EC2 instance to another region?
- You cannot SSH into an EC2 instance. What do you check?
- How do you deploy Lambda across environments?
- How do you connect on-prem to a VPC?
- How do you design disaster recovery on AWS?
- DNS resolution fails inside a container. What do you check?
- Terraform apply failed halfway. What do you do?
- Apply succeeded but resources do not work as expected. Why?
- How do you run Terraform in CI/CD?
- How do you manage a very large Terraform state?
- How do you deploy the same infrastructure to 10 regions?
- How do you make Terraform runs faster?
- A pod is in ImagePullBackOff. What do you check?
- A node is degraded or lost permanently. What happens and what do you do?
- HPA is scaling too slowly. How do you fix it?
- Pods in one namespace fail readiness checks. How do you investigate?
- How do you monitor a Kubernetes cluster with Prometheus?
- How do you send Prometheus alerts to Slack?
- The ingress controller crashes under high load. What do you do?
- A region goes down. How do you fail over?
- The backup bucket became unavailable. What do you do?
- A Docker policy-as-code tool blocked a deployment. How do you handle it?
Amazon (28 questions)
- Tell me about a time you had a conflict with a teammate.
- Tell me about a time you missed a deadline.
- Tell me about a failure.
- Tell me about a time you showed ownership.
- Tell me about a time you had to work with unclear information.
- Tell me about a time you convinced a client or manager.
- Tell me about a calculated risk you took.
- Tell me about improving operational excellence.
- What is the difference between grep, awk and sed?
- Explain different use cases of grep.
- Your system is running slow. How will you troubleshoot it?
- Explain the Linux boot process.
- How do you create and view a file in Linux?
- You cannot create a file. Give at least three reasons.
- Which command shows the first 5 lines of a file?
- What does the top command show?
- How do you check which ports are listening?
- How do you troubleshoot an SSH connection failure?
- Write a script to report the 10 biggest folders.
- Write a script to find the most repeated phone number in a file.
- Parse a log file and count error codes.
- What happens when you type a URL in the browser?
- What is DNS and why is it needed?
- How does DHCP work (DORA)?
- What is subnetting and why is it needed?
- Disk is full on a production server. What do you do?
- An API returns wrong output. How do you debug it?
- Users cannot connect to the database. How do you investigate?
Accenture (23 questions)
- Is there a limit to the number of objects in an S3 bucket?
- What is a VPC?
- What is the difference between an Internet Gateway and a NAT Gateway?
- What is the difference between an IAM role and an IAM policy?
- A Jenkins build fails. How do you debug it?
- How do you secure a CI/CD pipeline?
- What is SAST and DAST?
- How do you set up a CI/CD pipeline for microservices across many repos?
- What are artifacts in CI/CD?
- How do you add security tools to a CI/CD pipeline?
- What is a multi-stage build?
- Write Terraform for a VPC with public and private subnets.
- What are Ansible roles?
- What is Ansible Vault?
- What is a Kubernetes Service and what are its types?
- What is a PodDisruptionBudget?
- What do you check before upgrading a Kubernetes cluster?
- How would you set up an EKS cluster?
- How do you monitor microservices in Kubernetes?
- How do you make a Kubernetes cluster highly available?
- Write a shell script to find the factorial of a number.
- How do you monitor and fix pod errors in production?
- You must upgrade Kubernetes with zero downtime. How?
Walmart Global Tech (20 questions)
- Which AWS services have you used?
- How do you secure an S3 bucket?
- How do you give cross-account access?
- How can an EC2 in account A read an S3 bucket in account B?
- How can a private EC2 download packages without a NAT gateway?
- How do you reduce latency for users around the world?
- Which AWS services integrate with CloudFront?
- A load balancer shows high latency. How do you troubleshoot?
- Explain the flow from code commit to production deployment.
- What are your daily responsibilities?
- What is drift and how do you detect it?
- How do you bring existing resources under Terraform?
- How do you manage resources created outside Terraform?
- How do you get VPC details dynamically in Terraform?
- What are liveness, readiness and startup probes?
- What is securityContext in a pod?
- What tools have you used for monitoring?
- What is the ELK stack?
- What is Grafana?
- Someone changed a bucket policy manually and Terraform shows drift. What do you do?
HCLTech (19 questions)
- What are the common uses of S3?
- How do you connect an EC2 instance to RDS?
- How does RDS high availability work?
- What daily tasks do you do on RDS?
- What are Route 53 routing policies?
- How do you check whether an S3 bucket exists with boto3?
- How does boto3 find credentials?
- Explain the flow from code commit to production deployment.
- What deployment strategies do you know?
- What happens to in-flight requests during a blue-green switch?
- Do you have any questions for us?
- What are the components of the Kubernetes control plane?
- What is the difference between HPA and Cluster Autoscaler or Karpenter?
- How does a pod get its IP address?
- Write a Deployment and Service YAML.
- How do you check disk usage and free space?
- df shows the disk is 100% full but du shows only 30% used. Why?
- Prometheus is not showing metrics for a target. How do you fix it?
- The private subnet ran out of IP addresses. What do you do?
Google (12 questions)
- What does strace do?
- What is CPU steal time?
- What is an inode and what happens when inodes run out?
- Explain the Linux boot process.
- What is load average and how does it relate to CPU cores?
- What happens when you type ls in a shell?
- What are good practices for Linux server hardening?
- Why does DNS mostly use UDP and not TCP?
- What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
- Explain the TCP three-way handshake and connection close.
- What is TTL in networking?
- What is the difference between a forward proxy and a reverse proxy?
IBM (9 questions)
- What is the difference between Jenkins and Azure DevOps or GitLab CI?
- GitLab CI vs Jenkins: what would you choose?
- How do you reduce a Docker image size?
- What is the difference between a ConfigMap and a Secret?
- What are liveness, readiness and startup probes?
- A pod is in ImagePullBackOff. What do you check?
- From a CSV (NAME,GENDER,CITY,AGE), print males from Toronto aged 30-40.
- It is 3 AM and production is down. What do you do?
- A developer made a change directly in production. How do you handle it?
Flipkart (8 questions)
- The application fails during traffic spikes. What do you do?
- A downstream service is slow and affects your service. What do you do?
- The cache is on, but database load is still high. Why?
- Latency increased but CPU is normal. What could it be?
- The deployment succeeded but errors increased. What do you do?
- Only some users are affected by an issue. How do you find the cause?
- Autoscaling did not help during an incident. Why?
- There are no errors in logs, but the app is slow. How do you debug?
Barclays (5 questions)
- What are the Maven build lifecycle phases?
- What are Docker network types?
- How do you resolve a merge conflict?
- Which branching strategy have you used?
- What is an Ansible playbook?
Oracle (3 questions)
- What is the difference between a virtual machine and a container?
- Write a playbook to stop one of five data centres.
- What is subnetting and why is it needed?
Goldman Sachs (3 questions)
Companies with few public questions
For Microsoft, JPMorgan, Cognizant, Paytm, Zomato and Swiggy we found no clear public DevOps question lists we could trust. Oracle, Goldman Sachs and Barclays have only a few. Prepare the topic lessons; they cover what these companies usually ask.
Practice tasks
Easy Write a Jenkins pipeline to build and push a Docker image.
Why: Saying it once with your own words makes it stick.
What to do: Answer this question as if the interviewer just asked it.
- Open a lab VM or container, never production.
- Run or write the example from the answer.
- Read the output line by line.
- Say the answer aloud in under 60 seconds.
Check: Your answer has a reason, a plain meaning and one command.
Easy What is EBS?
Why: Saying it once with your own words makes it stick.
What to do: Answer this question as if the interviewer just asked it.
- Open a lab VM or container, never production.
- Run or write the example from the answer.
- Read the output line by line.
- Say the answer aloud in under 60 seconds.
Check: Your answer has a reason, a plain meaning and one command.
Easy Which AWS services have you used?
Why: Saying it once with your own words makes it stick.
What to do: Answer this question as if the interviewer just asked it.
- Write three short points: why, what, how.
- Add one example from your own project.
- Say it aloud in under 60 seconds.
Check: Your answer has a reason, a plain meaning and one example.
Easy What is AWS Lambda?
Why: Saying it once with your own words makes it stick.
What to do: Answer this question as if the interviewer just asked it.
- Write three short points: why, what, how.
- Add one example from your own project.
- Say it aloud in under 60 seconds.
Check: Your answer has a reason, a plain meaning and one example.
Easy What is the difference between EBS, S3 and EFS?
Why: Saying it once with your own words makes it stick.
What to do: Answer this question as if the interviewer just asked it.
- Write three short points: why, what, how.
- Add one example from your own project.
- Say it aloud in under 60 seconds.
Check: Your answer has a reason, a plain meaning and one example.
Easy What is an S3 lifecycle policy?
Why: Saying it once with your own words makes it stick.
What to do: Answer this question as if the interviewer just asked it.
- Open a lab VM or container, never production.
- Run or write the example from the answer.
- Read the output line by line.
- Say the answer aloud in under 60 seconds.
Check: Your answer has a reason, a plain meaning and one command.
Medium How do you secure an S3 bucket?
Why: Saying it once with your own words makes it stick.
What to do: Answer this question as if the interviewer just asked it.
- Open a lab VM or container, never production.
- Run or write the example from the answer.
- Read the output line by line.
- Say the answer aloud in under 60 seconds.
Check: Your answer has a reason, a plain meaning and one command.
Medium Tell me about a time you had a conflict with a teammate.
Why: Saying it once with your own words makes it stick.
What to do: Answer this question as if the interviewer just asked it.
- Write three short points: why, what, how.
- Add one example from your own project.
- Say it aloud in under 60 seconds.
Check: Your answer has a reason, a plain meaning and one example.
Homework: try at home
- Pick your target company.
- Answer all its questions aloud in one sitting.
- Mark the ones you could not answer and study those lessons.
Recap
In short
- Companies ask mostly the same core topics.
- Tags come only from public interview stories.
- Each question links to its full answer.
FAQ
Should I memorise these answers?
No. Understand the why, then say it in your own words. Interviewers notice memorised lines.
What if I do not know an answer?
Say so honestly. Then explain how you would find out, step by step.
Are these questions only for one company?
No. "Asked at" shows where people said it was asked. Other companies ask the same things.
How long should an answer be?
About 30 to 60 seconds. Give a reason, a plain meaning and one example.
Is a lab really needed?
Yes. Running the command once makes your answer real and confident.
Interview questions
These were asked at three or more companies:
- How do you secure an S3 bucket? - Capgemini, LTIMindtree, Walmart Global Tech
- How do you trigger a Jenkins job on a GitHub push? - Deloitte, LTIMindtree, TCS, Tech Mahindra
- How do you manage secrets in Jenkins? - Infosys, TCS, Tech Mahindra
- A Jenkins build fails. How do you debug it? - Accenture, Deloitte, LTIMindtree
- Explain the flow from code commit to production deployment. - HCLTech, Infosys, Walmart Global Tech
- What deployment strategies do you know? - HCLTech, Infosys, LTIMindtree
- What is a multi-stage build? - Accenture, Deloitte, Wipro
- How do you reduce a Docker image size? - IBM, Infosys, Wipro
- How do you scan Docker images for vulnerabilities? - Deloitte, Infosys, Wipro
- What is the difference between git merge and git rebase? - Infosys, TCS, Tech Mahindra
Quick quiz
Q1. When is a question tagged with a company?
Only when a public interview story says it was asked there.
Q2. Do different companies ask different DevOps basics?
Mostly no. The core topics are the same everywhere.
Q3. How long should a spoken answer be?
About 30 to 60 seconds.
Q4. What should every answer include?
Why, what, how, and one example.
Q5. What do you do if you do not know an answer?
Say so honestly and explain how you would find out.
Samajla ka?
Revision card
Interview card